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CASE OF SHISHKOV
v. BULGARIA
(Application no. 38822/97)
JUDGMENT
STRASBOURG
9 January 2003
FINAL
09/04/2003
This judgment will become final in the circumstances
set out in Article 44 § 2 of the Convention. It may be subject
to editorial revision.
In the case of Shishkov v. Bulgaria,
The European Court of Human Rights (First Section), sitting as a Chamber
composed of:
Mr C.L. Rozakis, President,
Mr G. Bonello,
Mr P. Lorenzen,
Mrs N. Vajic,
Mrs S. Botoucharova,
Mr V. Zagrebelsky,
Mrs E. Steiner, judges,
and Mr S. Nielsen, Deputy Section Registrar,
Having deliberated in private on 5 December 2002,
Delivers the following judgment, which was adopted on that date:
PROCEDURE
1. The case originated in an application (no. 38822/97) against
the Republic of Bulgaria lodged with the European Commission of Human Rights
(“the Commission”) under former Article 25 of the Convention for the Protection
of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (“the Convention”) by a Bulgarian
national, Mr Krassimir Liubomirov Shishkov (“the applicant”), on 10 October
1997.
2. The applicant, who had been granted legal aid, was represented
by Mr Marinov, a lawyer practising in Plovdiv. The Bulgarian Government
(“the Government”) were represented by their agents, Mrs V. Djidjeva and
Mrs G. Samaras, of the Ministry of Justice.
3. The applicant alleged, inter alia, that upon his
arrest on suspicion of theft he was not brought before a judge or other
officer authorised by law to exercise judicial power, that he had been
deprived of his liberty without justification and for an unreasonably lengthy
period, and that his right to bring judicial proceedings concerning the
lawfulness of his detention had been violated in several respects.
4. The application was transmitted to the Court on 1 November
1998, when Protocol No. 11 to the Convention came into force (Article 5
§ 2 of Protocol No. 11).
5. The application was allocated to the Fourth Section of the
Court (Rule 52 § 1 of the Rules of Court).
6. By a decision of 31 August 1999 the Court declared the application
partly admissible.
7. The applicant and the Government each filed observations
on the merits (Rule 59 § 1). The Chamber decided, after consulting the
parties, that no hearing on the merits was required (Rule 59 § 2 in
fine).
8. On 1 November 2001 the Court changed the composition of its
Sections (Rule 25 § 1). This case was assigned to the newly composed First
Section. Within that Section, the Chamber that would consider the case
(Article 27 § 1 of the Convention) was constituted as provided in Rule 26 § 1.
THE FACTS
I. THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE
9. The applicant was born in 1970 and lives in Rakovski, in
the region of Plovdiv.
A. The criminal proceedings against the applicant
10. On 22 August 1997 the applicant was arrested
on suspicion of having stolen from a Ms S. gold jewellery and money worth
20,110,448 Bulgarian levs (“BGL”). In view of the value of the stolen objects
and money, the offence with which the applicant was charged constituted
a “serious” offence, within the meaning of the Penal Code.
According to the indictment drawn up later, the applicant, who had been
employed by a private security company to keep Ms S.’s house , had taken
advantage of her and her family’s departure on holiday to steal the above
valuables on 2 August 1997. On the same day he had taken some of the jewellery
and money to his sister’s home. Approximately ten days later, having learned
that Ms S. had discovered the theft, the applicant had travelled to the
nearby city of Plovdiv to sell some of the jewellery before returning home.
On 19 August 1997 the applicant and his family (his wife and their two
month-old child) had visited the applicant’s mother in the town of Perushtiza.
There the applicant had given his mother the remaining money.
11. On the day of his arrest and on being questioned by an assistant
investigator the following day, 23 August 1997, the applicant admitted
the theft and directed the police to the persons who had bought some of
the stolen jewellery from him. The majority of the valuables were recovered
by the police the same day. The applicant’s mother returned the money she
had been given by her son.
12. The period between 23 August and 10 October 1997 was taken
up by procedural acts. No new evidence was collected during that period.
The applicant was not interrogated.
13. On 26 August 1997 the assistant investigator transmitted
the file to the District Prosecutor’s Office inviting it to reclassify
the proceedings, which had begun as a summary investigation (äîçíàíèå),
into an ordinary investigation (ñëåäñòâèå). On 5 September 1997 the District
Prosecutor’s Office transmitted the case file to the Regional Prosecutor’s
Office, as it considered that the proceedings came within the latter’s
competence. By a decision dated 10 September 1997 a prosecutor from the
Regional Prosecutor’s Office found that the case fell to be dealt with
by the District Prosecutor’s Office and gave instructions for its return.
On 12 September 1997 the case file was transmitted to the District Prosecutor’s
Office.
14. By a letter of 19 September 1997 the applicant’s lawyer
complained to the Regional Prosecutor’s Office of the delays in the proceedings
and stated that he had been unable to obtain detailed information about
the accusation and had been refused access to the case file. He also requested
the removal of the district prosecutor.
On 25 September 1997 that request was transmitted with the case file to
the Regional Prosecutor’s Office. On 1 October 1997 it was dismissed and
the case file was sent back to the District Prosecutor’s Office.
15. On 6 October 1997 the District Prosecutor’s Office decided
to reclassify the proceedings as an ordinary investigation and not a summary
investigation. On 8 October 1997 the case was assigned to an investigator
with instructions to treat it as urgent in view of the fact that the accused
was remanded in custody.
16. Between 10 October 1997 and 8 December 1997 the investigator
questioned the applicant twice, summoned three witnesses, requested information
from the National Bank about the exchange rates of certain currencies,
appointed an expert to assess the value of the stolen objects, and brought
charges against the applicant’s sister, Ms K., who had allegedly aided
the applicant in selling the stolen objects.
17. The period after 8 December 1997 was taken up by procedural
steps and efforts to clarify the exact number, weight, quality and value
of certain missing pieces of jewellery, the difficulty being that there
were discrepancies between the descriptions given by the applicant and
by the owner.
18. On 21 January 1998 the investigator put an additional question
to the expert.
19. On 30 January 1998 the investigator reformulated the charges
against the applicant, notified him accordingly and questioned him briefly.
On 5 February 1998 the investigator concluded his work on the case and
transmitted the file to the District Prosecutor’s Office.
20. On 26 February 1998 the District Prosecutor’s Office referred
the case back to the investigator, instructing him to appoint another expert
to assess the value of the jewellery and to amend the charges. On 23 March
1998 the investigator appointed an expert. On 27 March 1998 the investigator
amended the charges against the applicant and his sister, notified them
accordingly and questioned them briefly.
21. On 23 March 1998 the investigator requested an extension
of time in which to complete the investigation. The request, which was
submitted through the District Prosecutor’s Office, was transmitted to
the Regional Prosecutor’s Office on 30 March 1998. It appears that the
case file was attached. The request was granted and the case file returned
on an unspecified date at the beginning of April 1998.
22. On 14 May 1998 an indictment was submitted to the District
Court. On 27 July 1998 the District Court sent the case back to the prosecutor
for further investigation.
On 19 August 1998 the prosecutor, considering that the value of the stolen
objects was lower than that initially indicated, terminated the criminal
proceedings as regards the excess and lodged a fresh indictment. The District
Court listed the case for hearing on 19 December 1998. The parties have
not informed the Court of any further developments.
B. The applicant’s detention pending trial
23. The applicant was arrested on 22 August 1997. On 23 August
1997 he was brought before an assistant investigator who charged him and
decided that he should be remanded in custody. The detention order, which
was made on the basis that the applicant was charged with a serious offence,
stated that there existed a danger of the applicant’s absconding or committing
offences, without providing reasons. It was either authorised in advance
or approved on the same day by a prosecutor.
On 25 August 1997 the applicant appointed a lawyer to represent him.
1. The first appeal against detention
24. On 3 September 1997 the applicant’s lawyer prepared an appeal
to the Plovdiv District Court against his client’s detention pending trial.
The appeal was submitted through the District Prosecutor’s Office, as required
by Article 152a § 2 of the Code of Criminal Procedure.
There is a dispute between the parties as to the date on which the appeal
was actually submitted to the District Prosecutor’s Office. The applicant
maintains that the appeal was handed over to the duty prosecutor on 3 September
1997 who, in accordance with the usual practice, transmitted it to the
clerical staff without registering it himself. According to the Government,
the date on which the appeal was registered, 8 September 1997, should be
considered as the date of its submission, there being no proof that it
had been submitted earlier.
25. On 15 September 1997, having established that his appeal
against the applicant’s detention had not arrived at the District Court,
the applicant’s lawyer submitted another copy thereof directly to the District
Court.
26. On 16 September 1997 the District Prosecutor’s Office transmitted
the applicant’s appeal against his detention to the District Court. On
the same day a judge at the District Court listed the case for hearing
on 19 September 1997. The applicant’s lawyer was summoned by telephone
on the same day.
27. The District Court held a hearing on 19 September 1997 in
the presence of the applicant, his lawyer and a prosecutor.
The prosecutor stated that the appeal should be rejected on formal grounds
as it had been submitted after the expiry of the seven-day time-limit under
Article 152a § 1 of the Code of Criminal Procedure.
The applicant’s lawyer explained that he had been refused access to the
case file, which had prevented him from preparing the appeal on time.
28. By a decision of 19 September 1997 the District Court rejected
the appeal. Noting that the appeal was dated 3 September 1997 whereas the
decision to detain the applicant had been taken and notified to him on
23 August 1997, and observing that the applicant had authorised a
lawyer to represent him on 25 August 1997, the court found that the appeal
had been submitted after the expiry of the relevant seven-day time-limit
and was inadmissible.
The District Court further stated that there had been “no change of circumstances”
within the meaning of Article 152a § 4 of the Code of Criminal Procedure
(see paragraph 40 below).
2. The second appeal against detention
29. On an unspecified date between 2 and 11 February 1998 the
applicant’s lawyer submitted through the District Prosecutor’s Office a
second appeal against his client’s detention pending trial. He stated inter
alia that the applicant had admitted the theft, had directed the police
to the stolen objects and had been co-operative. Also, there was no danger
of his absconding because he had a wife and a young child, and no danger
of his committing offences because he had no previous convictions and had
shown remorse for his acts. The lawyer further stated that the relevant
facts had already been established and that the applicant was not responsible
for the prosecution’s difficulties in determining the exact value of the
jewellery, such that there was no justification for his continuing detention.
30. The lawyer, who had been appointed by the applicant in October
1997 to replace his previous lawyer, did not indicate his address and telephone
number on the appeal papers. The parties have not clarified whether this
information appeared on other documents in the case file.
31. On 11 February 1998 the appeal was transmitted to the District
Court. By an order made on Friday, 13 February 1998 the Court listed the
matter for hearing on Monday, 16 February 1998 at 9.00 a.m., and summoned
the applicant in person and the prosecutor. The applicant was summoned
through the prison authorities.
32. On 16 February 1998 the District Court heard the applicant
and the prosecutor. The applicant’s lawyer was not present. The applicant
stated that he had admitted the offence, he had a seven-month old child
and wanted to preserve his family. He explained that at the time of the
theft he had been suffering from depression due to financial problems.
The District Court refused to release the applicant. It noted that the
charges against him concerned a serious wilful offence punishable by a
period of three to fifteen years’ imprisonment and that Article 152 § 1
of the Code of Criminal Proceedings required that persons accused of offences
of that category be remanded in custody. Furthermore, the investigation
was still pending and there, therefore, existed a danger of his absconding
or seeking to pervert the course of justice. The fact that the applicant
had made a full confession did not affect in any way the question whether
he should be remanded in custody. The court further stated that the applicant’s
argument concerning his family could not serve as a ground for his release
and added that he should have thought about his family before committing
the offence.
3. The third appeal against detention and the applicant’s release
33. On 1 April 1998 the applicant submitted through the District
Prosecutor’s Office a third appeal against his detention pending trial.
On 8 April 1998 the District Prosecutor’s Office transmitted the appeal
to the District Court.
34. The District Court heard the appeal on 13 April 1998 in
the presence of the applicant and his lawyer. The prosecutor stated that
the applicant should be released.
The District Court decided to release the applicant on bail. It noted that
he had a permanent address, had not obstructed the investigation, and did
not have a criminal record. The District Court further stated that the
investigator had expressed the opinion that the applicant’s detention pending
trial “had produced its effects”. Furthermore, there was no danger of his
perverting the course of justice because the investigation had been concluded
and no danger of absconding in view of his family situation.
35. The applicant gave a recognizance and was released on an
unspecified date in April 1998.
4. Correspondence in 1998 between the courts and the Bar Association
in Plovdiv regarding access to case files
36. The applicant produced copies of correspondence in January
and March 1998 from the presidents of the Plovdiv District Court and of
the Plovdiv Regional Court to the local Bar Association, apparently in
reaction to complaints by lawyers of an existing practice of barring access
to case files in cases concerning appeals against pre-trial detention.
The president of the District Court acknowledged that the complaints were
well-founded and stated, inter alia, that, “[r]egrettably, District
Court judges rely on the hitherto prevailing practice and do not share
my opinion ...”
The president of the Regional Court informed the Bar Association that the
matter had been discussed at length and that the judges had agreed that,
contrary to the opinion of the Chief Public Prosecutor’s Office and the
Regional Prosecutor’s Office in Plovdiv, there were no legal grounds for
refusing access to case files in appeals against detention proceedings.
II. RELEVANT DOMESTIC LAW AND PRACTICE
A. Arrest and detention pending trial
37. At the relevant time and until the reform of 1 January 2000
an arrested person was brought before an investigator who decided whether
or not the accused should be remanded in custody. The investigator’s decision
was subject to approval by a prosecutor.
The role of investigators and prosecutors under Bulgarian law has been
summarised in paragraphs 25-29 of the Court’s Nikolova v. Bulgaria judgment
([GC], no. 31195/96, ECHR 1999-II).
38. The legal grounds for detention pending trial were set out
in paragraphs 1 and 2 of Article 152 of the Code of Criminal Procedure,
which, as worded at the material time, provided as follows:
“(1) Detention pending trial shall be ordered [in cases where
the charges concern] a serious wilful offence.
(2) In cases falling under paragraph 1 [detention pending trial]
may be dispensed with if there is no danger of the accused’s absconding,
obstructing the investigation, or committing further offences.”
According to Article 93 § 7 of the Penal Code a “serious” offence is one
punishable by more than five years’ imprisonment.
39. The Supreme Court’s practice at the relevant time (which
has since become obsolete as a result of the amendments in force since
1 January 2000) was to construe Article 152 § 1 of the Code of Criminal
Procedure as requiring that a person charged with a serious wilful offence
had to be remanded in custody. An exception was only possible, in accordance
with Article 152 § 2, where it was clear and beyond doubt that any danger
of absconding or reoffending was objectively excluded, for example, if
the accused was seriously ill, elderly, or already detained on other grounds,
such as serving a sentence (Decision no. 1 of 4 May 1992, case no. 1/92,
II Chamber, Bulletin 1992/93, p. 172; Decision no. 4 of 21 February 1995,
case no. 76/95, II Chamber; Decision no. 78 of 6 November 1995, case no. 768/95,
II Chamber; Decision no. 24, case no. 268/95, I Chamber, Bulletin 1995,
p. 149).
B. Appeals against detention pending trial
40. Article 152a of the Code of Criminal Procedure, as in force
at the relevant time, provided as follows:
“(1) The detained person shall be provided immediately with
a possibility to file an appeal to a judge at the competent court against
the [order for his detention pending trial], not later than seven days
after [the detention order]. The judge shall summon the parties and decide
at a hearing in open court not later than three days following the receipt
of the appeal at the court.
(2) The appeal shall be lodged with the body that ordered the
detention. On the day it is lodged, the appeal, accompanied by the [detention
order] and all materials in the case, shall be transmitted to the court.
(3) The court shall deliver a decision which is not subject
to appeal. The court shall either quash the detention order and impose
another measure of control [of the accused] or dismiss the appeal.
(4) In the event of a change of circumstances the detained person
may lodge a fresh appeal to the court against the [detention order].”
41. According to the Supreme Court’s practice at the relevant
time, it was not open to the courts, when examining appeals against detention
pending trial, to assess whether there existed sufficient evidence to support
the charges against the detainee. The courts must only examine the lawfulness
of the detention order (Decision no. 24 of 23 May 1995, case no. 268/95,
I Chamber, Bulletin 1995, p. 149).
THE LAW
I. ALLEGED VIOLATIONS OF ARTICLE 5 §§ 1 (c) AND 3 OF THE CONVENTION
42. The applicant complained that upon his arrest he had not
been brought before a judge or other officer exercising judicial power
and that he had been deprived of his liberty without justification from
the outset and for an unreasonably lengthy period. He relied on Article
5 §§ 1 and 3 of the Convention which provide, insofar as relevant:
“1. Everyone has the right to liberty and security of person.
No one shall be deprived of his liberty save in the following cases and
in accordance with a procedure prescribed by law:
...
(c) the lawful arrest or detention of a person effected for
the purpose of bringing him before the competent legal authority on reasonable
suspicion of having committed an offence or when it is reasonably considered
necessary to prevent his committing an offence or fleeing after having
done so...
3. Everyone arrested or detained in accordance with the provisions
of paragraph 1 (c) of this Article shall be brought promptly
before a judge or other officer authorised by law to exercise judicial
power and shall be entitled to trial within a reasonable time or to release
pending trial. Release may be conditioned by guarantees to appear for trial.”
A. The parties’ submissions
43. The applicant stated that upon his arrest he had only been
heard by an assistant investigator and that in any event assistant investigators,
investigators and prosecutors could not be regarded as independent judicial
officers. He referred to the case of Assenov and Others v.
Bulgaria (judgment of 28 October 1998, Reports of Judgments
and Decisions 1998?VIII).
44. He submitted that a careful analysis of the relevant facts
by the domestic authorities would have led them to conclude that there
was no danger of him absconding or committing offences. He was married
and had a child who was two months old at the time of the arrest. He did
not have a criminal record, he had a job and was of a good character. When
arrested he had admitted the theft and had actively assisted the police
in recovering the stolen jewellery. Furthermore, the authorities had failed
to take into account the fact that, though in possession of a considerable
sum of money, the applicant had not attempted to abscond after learning
that the theft had been discovered. The authorities’ formalistic approach
had been the consequence of Article 152 §§ 1 and 2 of the Code of Criminal
Procedure and the Supreme Court’s practice, which were incompatible with
the Convention.
45. The applicant invited the Court to compare the reasons given
in the District Court’s decision of 13 April 1998 ordering his release
on bail with those in that court’s earlier decision of 16 February 1998
refusing bail. On 13 April 1998 the District Court had ordered the applicant’s
release on bail because: i) he had a permanent address; ii) he had not
obstructed the investigation; iii) he did not have a criminal record; iv)
he had a wife and a young child; and v) the preliminary investigation had
been completed. The applicant stated that all but the last of those relevant
facts had remained unchanged since the date of his arrest. The investigation
had been practically completed after the initial interviews. However, the
applicant had remained in detention. In his view, in reality, as evidenced
by certain remarks contained in the District Court’s decisions, his detention
pending trial had been seen as a form of punishment.
46. The applicant also stated that the length of his detention
pending trial was attributable to the authorities. Analysing the Government’s
arguments in this respect, he pointed out that the stolen objects had been
retrieved and the applicant questioned within the first two days following
his arrest (on 22 and 23 August 1997). Thereafter there had been a
period of complete inactivity until October 1997, as the authorities had
hesitated about the legal classification of the offence and, as a result,
about the competence of the District Prosecutor’s Office to deal with the
matter. Furthermore, it appeared that the case file had been with the expert
appointed to assess the value of the stolen jewellery for three months.
47. The Government submitted that the assistant
investigator who ordered the applicant’s detention was an “officer authorised
by law to exercise judicial power” because he was independent of the executive
and the parties to the proceedings. He was dependent on the prosecutor
who supervised his work. However, under Bulgarian law, investigators and
prosecutors formed part of the judicial branch of government. Furthermore,
the assistant investigator had examined all arguments militating for or
against detention. The fact that his decision had been subject to approval
by an investigator and a prosecutor had no impact on his independence.
48. As regards the lawfulness of the applicant’s detention and
the justification for it, the Government stated that there had been reasonable
grounds for suspecting the applicant of an offence and that the possibility
of his absconding or committing offences had not been excluded, as required
by Article 152 §§ 1 and 2 of the Code of Criminal Procedure and the Supreme
Court’s practice at the relevant time. Under those provisions, in cases
of “serious offences”, there was a presumption that the accused might,
as a result of being charged, abscond or commit an offence. Therefore,
detention pending trial had been the rule in such cases. A derogation,
as provided for under Article 152 § 2 of the Code, had only been possible
in circumstances in which even the remotest danger of the accused’s absconding,
obstructing justice, or committing an offence could be eliminated on the
ground, for example, of his or her being seriously ill, elderly, or in
custody for other reasons.
49. The Government also noted that, in its decision of 16 February
1998, the District Court had examined all the arguments and found that
there were no circumstances excluding all danger of the applicant’s absconding,
obstructing justice or committing offences. In the Government’s view, the
reasons given to justify the applicant’s detention had therefore been relevant
and sufficient, as required by the Convention and the Court’s case-law.
50. The Government further submitted that criminal proceedings
could be expedited provided it does not affect their effectiveness and
fairness. In the applicant’s case the Bulgarian authorities had proceeded
with due diligence and with reasonable expedition. In particular, stolen
objects had had to be retrieved from four people. The investigator had
questioned sixteen witnesses, interrogated the applicant and his sister
on nine occasions, and ordered three consecutive expert reports on the
value of the stolen jewellery. That had been necessary in view of discrepancies
in the testimony of several witnesses about the type, quality and weight
of the gold jewellery. Furthermore, the case file had had to be transmitted
on several occasions between the District Prosecutor’s Office, the Regional
Prosecutor’s Office and the District Court due to hesitation on the exact
legal classification of the offence and because of the applicant’s appeals
and complaints.
B. The Court’s assessment
51. The Court proposes to examine the applicant’s complaints
in the order in which the procedural steps on his arrest and detention
were taken.
1. Alleged violation of the right to be brought before a judge
or other officer authorised by law to exercise judicial power within the
meaning of Article 5 § 3 of the Convention.
52. The Court recalls that in the above mentioned Assenov
and Others and Nikolova judgments, which concerned the system
of detention pending trial as it existed in Bulgaria until 1 January 2000
(see paragraph 37 above), it found that neither investigators before whom
accused persons were brought, nor prosecutors who approved detention orders,
could be considered to be “officer[s] authorised by law to exercise judicial
power” within the meaning of Article 5 § 3 of the Convention (see, as another
recent authority, H.B. v Switzerland, no. 26899/95, 5 April 2001,
unreported).
53. The present case also concerns detention pending trial before
1 January 2000. The applicant was brought before an assistant investigator
who did not have power to make a binding decision to detain him. In any
event, neither the assistant investigator nor the prosecutor who authorised
the detention were sufficiently independent and impartial for the purposes
of Article 5 § 3, in view of the practical role they played in the prosecution
and their potential participation as a party to the criminal proceedings.
The Court refers to its analysis of the relevant domestic law contained
in its Nikolova judgment (see §§ 28, 29 and 45-53 of that judgment).
54. It follows that there has been a violation of the applicant’s
right to be brought before a judge or other officer authorised by law to
exercise judicial power within the meaning of Article 5 § 3 of the Convention.
2. Alleged violation of Article 5 § 1 of the Convention
55. The applicant submitted that his detention did not fall
under Article 5 § 1(c) of the Convention as there had been no danger of
him absconding or committing an offence.
The Government considered that the applicant’s detention had been lawful
and necessary throughout.
56. It is undisputed that at the time of the applicant’s arrest
there were reasonable grounds for suspecting him of having stolen money
and jewellery of not inconsiderable value and that the arrest was effected
in accordance with domestic law. Further, there has been no allegation
of arbitrariness.
Therefore, the applicant’s detention fell within paragraph 1 (c) of Article
5 of the Convention and was lawful. It follows that there has been no violation
of Article 5 § 1.
3. Alleged violation of the right to trial within a reasonable
time or to release pending trial in accordance with Article 5 § 3
57. The applicant was arrested on 22 August 1997. On 13 April
1998 his third appeal against detention was allowed. He gave a recognizance
and was released on an unspecified date in April 1998.
The relevant period is therefore approximately seven months and three weeks.
58. The persistence of reasonable suspicion that the person
arrested has committed an offence is a condition sine qua non for
the lawfulness of the continued detention, but after a certain lapse of
time it no longer suffices. In such cases, the Court must establish whether
the other grounds given by the authorities continued to justify the deprivation
of liberty. Where such grounds were “relevant” and “sufficient”, the Court
must also ascertain whether the competent national authorities displayed
“special diligence” in the conduct of the proceedings (see Labita v.
Italy [GC], no. 26772/95, §§ 152 and 153, ECHR 2000-IV).
59. In the case of Ilijkov v. Bulgaria (no. 33977/97,
26 July 2001, unreported), the Court observed that the authorities had
applied law and practice establishing a presumption that detention pending
trial was always necessary in cases where the sentence faced went beyond
a certain threshold of severity. The presumption was only rebuttable in
very exceptional circumstances where even a hypothetical possibility of
absconding, reoffending or collusion was excluded, due to serious illness
or other exceptional factors. It was moreover incumbent on the detained
person to prove the existence of such exceptional circumstances, failing
which he was bound to remain in detention pending trial throughout the
proceedings. The above principles were based on Article 152 §§ 1 and 2
of the Code of Criminal Procedure, as worded at the material time, and
the Supreme Court’s practice at that stage.
60. The Court observes that at the time of the applicant’s detention
those provisions were still in force and the same practice prevailed, as
the Government have confirmed (see paragraphs 38, 39 and 48 above).
The Court must nevertheless examine whether those provisions and practice,
which were clearly incompatible with Article 5 § 3 of the Convention (see Ilijkov,
cited above, §§ 84-87), were actually applied in the instant case.
61. The competent authorities’ decisions on the applicant’s
detention pending trial until 13 April 1998 were based in substance on
the fact that he had been charged with a serious offence within the meaning
of the relevant law and that the investigation was pending (see paragraphs
23 and 32 above).
62. There were, however, other factors that were highly relevant
when it came to determining whether a danger of absconding, reoffending
or collusion existed: the charges concerned a non-violent offence, the
applicant had not attempted to abscond after learning that the theft was
under investigation, he did not have a criminal record, he had a wife and
a two-month old child and had returned the stolen money and the available
jewellery (see paragraphs 10 and 11 above).
Against that background, the applicant’s explanation that he had acted
on impulse and would not therefore commit an offence if released was arguable
and at very least warranted examination.
Furthermore, most of the relevant circumstances had been established at
the beginning of the investigation. The fact that thereafter the investigators’
efforts had concentrated on assessing the quantity and value of the stolen
jewellery clearly meant that there was little or even no danger of collusion
(see paragraphs 11 and 17 - 21 above).
63. The District Court eventually recognised the relevance of
the above facts and ordered the applicant’s release on 13 April 1998 (see
paragraph 34 above).
64. However, those facts had obtained long before that date.
They constituted obvious and compelling reasons for the authorities to
consider releasing the applicant well before 13 April 1998, but were disregarded
by the assistant investigator and the prosecutor, who ordered the applicant’s
detention pending trial in August 1997 and by the District Court, which
refused to release him on 16 February 1998. Moreover, in its decision of
16 February 1998 the District Court dismissed some of the most important
facts as irrelevant (see paragraphs 10, 11, 23, 28, 29 and 32 above).
That was apparently as a result of Article 152 §§ 1 and 2 of the Code of
Criminal Procedure and the relevant practice at the time.
The authorities relied solely on a statutory presumption based on the gravity
of the charges which shifted to the accused the burden of proving that
there was not even a hypothetical danger of absconding, reoffending or
collusion (see paragraph 48 above).
65. The Court thus considers that, as in the Ilijkov case, the
applicable law and the authorities’ approach resulted in them failing to
consider concrete facts that were relevant to the determination whether
there was a danger of the applicant’s absconding or committing offences.
They thus prolonged his detention on grounds that cannot be regarded as
sufficient.
The applicant’s detention pending trial for a period lasting seven months
and three weeks was not, therefore, justified.
It follows that it is not necessary to examine whether the authorities
displayed the special diligence required in the handling of criminal proceedings
against remand prisoners.
66. The Court is not unmindful of the fact that the majority
of length-of-detention cases decided in its judgments concern longer periods
of deprivation of liberty and that against that background seven months
and three weeks may be regarded as a relatively short period in detention.
Article 5 § 3 of the Convention, however, cannot be seen as authorising
pre-trial detention unconditionally provided that it lasts no longer than
a certain period. Justification for any period of detention, no matter
how short, must be convincingly demonstrated by the authorities. That has
not happened in this case.
67. The Court thus finds that there has been a violation of
the applicant’s right under Article 5 § 3 of the Convention to trial within
a reasonable time or to release pending trial.
II. ALLEGED VIOLATIONS OF ARTICLE 5 § 4 OF THE CONVENTION
68. The applicant complained that his lawyer did not have access
to the case file, that his first appeal against detention was not dealt
with promptly and was not examined on the merits and that his second appeal
against detention was examined in the absence of his lawyer and was not
dealt with speedily.
Article 5 § 4 of the Convention provides:
“Everyone who is deprived of his liberty by arrest or detention shall be
entitled to take proceedings by which the lawfulness of his detention shall
be decided speedily by a court and his release ordered if the detention
is not lawful.”
A. The parties’ submissions
69. The applicant stated that the usual practice was for lawyers
and accused persons to be refused access to the case file during the preliminary
investigation, allegedly to ensure that information obtained in the investigation
remained confidential. The applicant’s lawyer had made unsuccessful attempts
to see the case file and had complained in writing.
Referring to the reality of a lawyer’s everyday work, the applicant objected
to the Government’s insistence on the presentation of duly registered written
requests as proof of his lawyer’s attempts to gain access to the case file.
The fact that neither the authority to act which the applicant had given
to his lawyer on 25 August 1997 nor his first appeal against detention
bore any reference to the file number of the investigation demonstrated,
in his submission, that even that information had been inaccessible.
70. Further, the applicant submitted that Article 5 § 4 of the
Convention required not only that the person detained be able to “take
proceedings” but also that the lawfulness of his or her detention “be decided”
in those proceedings. However, the District Court had rejected his first
appeal, thus neglecting its duty to examine whether his continuing detention
had been lawful. The District Court had considered that the relevant law
imposed a seven-day time-limit for the lodging of an appeal against detention.
In the applicant’s view, that provision should have been interpreted as
requiring the authorities to secure, within seven days, an opportunity
for the person detained to appeal. By construing that provision as it did,
as a limitation on the right of prisoners to challenge the lawfulness of
their detention, the District Court had adopted an approach that ran foul
of the guarantees of Article 5 § 4.
In particular, the applicant maintained that after the District Court’s
decision of 19 September 1997 he could not submit a new appeal against
his detention unless there were a change of circumstances. In practice,
as a result of Article 152 § 1 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, which
established the principle that anyone charged with a “serious” offence
should be detained, a second appeal would only have been possible and likely
to succeed if the legal classification of the charges was modified.
71. The applicant also complained that his first appeal against
detention had not been examined speedily. The appeal had been handed by
his lawyer on 3 September 1997 to the duty prosecutor who, in accordance
with usual practice, had handed it to the clerical staff. They had registered
it on 8 September 1997. It was not until 16 September 1997, however,
that the Prosecutor’s Office had transmitted the appeal to the competent
court, which had listed it for hearing on 19 September 1997.
72. As regards the examination of his second appeal against
detention, the applicant submitted that his lawyer had not been summoned
and that he had not had sufficient time to contact him: the hearing had
been listed for 9.00 a.m. on a Monday, with the applicant, who was in prison,
being informed on the previous Friday. He had not requested an adjournment
as he had been eager to secure his release.
73. Addressing the applicant’s complaint that he had been denied
access to the case file, the Government stated that it should be dismissed
as unproven in the absence of copies of registered written requests for
such access.
74. The Government further maintained that the decision of the
District Court to reject the appeal as being out of time had been in conformity
with Article 152a § 1 of the Code of Criminal Procedure. Following the
rejection of his appeal, it had been open to the applicant to submit a
fresh appeal whenever there was a change of circumstances. The Government
stated, without referring to judicial practice, that the very fact that
the detention had continued could qualify as a “change of circumstances”.
Furthermore, the applicant could have relied on the direct applicability
of the Convention in Bulgarian law to appeal. The Government concluded
that the applicant could have submitted a second appeal against his detention
immediately after the rejection of his first appeal, but had failed to
do so.
75. The Government also considered that the applicant’s first
appeal against detention had been dealt with promptly. It had been submitted
on 8 September 1997, at which point the case file had been with the
Regional Prosecutor’s Office for a decision on the legal classification
of the charges. The case file had been returned to the District Prosecutor’s
Office on 12 September 1997 and on 16 September 1997 the appeal had
been transmitted to the District Court, which had immediately listed the
case for hearing on 19 September 1997.
76. As regards the applicant’s second appeal against detention,
the Government maintained that it had been examined promptly and that the
only reason the applicant’s lawyer had not been summoned was that he had
failed to indicate his address and telephone number. The District Court
had summoned the applicant who could have contacted his lawyer. Furthermore,
the applicant had not requested an adjournment of the hearing to allow
his lawyer to attend.
B. The Court’ assessment
1. Access to the case file
(a) General principles
77. A court examining an appeal against detention must provide
guarantees of a judicial procedure. The proceedings must be adversarial
and must always ensure “equality of arms” between the parties, the prosecutor
and the detained person.
In the case of a person whose detention falls within the ambit of Article 5 §
1 (c), a hearing is required. In view of the dramatic impact of deprivation
of liberty on the fundamental rights of the person concerned, proceedings
conducted under Article 5 § 4 of the Convention should in principle meet,
to the largest extent possible under the circumstances of an on-going investigation,
the basic requirements of a fair trial.
Equality of arms is not ensured if counsel is denied access to those documents
in the investigation file which are essential in order effectively to challenge
the lawfulness, in the sense of the Convention, of his client’s detention.
The concept of lawfulness of detention is not limited to compliance with
the procedural requirements set out in domestic law but also concerns the
reasonableness of the suspicion grounding the arrest, the legitimacy of
the purpose pursued by the arrest and the justification of the ensuing
detention.
The Court acknowledges the need for criminal investigations to be conducted
efficiently, which may imply that part of the information collected during
them is to be kept secret in order to prevent suspects from tampering with
evidence and undermining the course of justice. However, this legitimate
goal cannot be pursued at the expense of substantial restrictions on the
rights of the defence. Therefore, information which is essential for the
assessment of the lawfulness of a detention should be made available in
an appropriate manner to the suspect’s lawyer (see, among other authorities, Lamy
v. Belgium, judgment of 30 March 1989, Series A no. 151,
pp. 16-17, § 29, Nikolova, cited above, § 58, and Garcia Alva
v. Germany, no. 23541/94, 13 February 2001, unreported, §§ 39-43).
(b) Application of those principles to the present case
78. In the present case the Government did not claim that the
applicant’s lawyer had seen the case file but stated that there was insufficient
proof of his having attempted to do so.
79. The Court observes that at the relevant time it was the
Plovdiv District Court’s prevailing practice to refuse access to case files
in appeals against detention pending trial (see paragraph 36 above). On
19 September 1997 the applicant’s lawyer filed written complaints insisting
that he should be allowed to consult the case file, which he repeated orally
at the hearing before the District Court (see paragraphs 14 and 27 above).
On the basis of the above the Court finds it established that the applicant’s
lawyer was refused access to the case file at least up to and including
19 September 1997, the day on which the first appeal against detention
was heard.
80. The Plovdiv District Court’s practice refusing access appears
to have concerned the full case file. The applicant’s lawyer was thus unable
to study any of the documents that were essential for determining the lawfulness
of his client’s detention, including, in this particular case, those relevant
to questions of admissibility, such as whether or not there had been a
“change of circumstances” since the applicant’s arrest (see paragraph 40
above).
At the same time the prosecutor, who supervised the investigation, had
authorised the making of the detention order of 23 August 1997 and opposed
the appeal against it, had the advantage of full knowledge of the file.
The resulting situation was incompatible with the equality-of-arms requirement
of Article 5 § 4 of the Convention.
81. The Court finds, therefore, that there has been a violation
of Article 5 § 4 of the Convention in that the applicant’s lawyer was refused
access to the case file.
2. The rejection of the applicant’s first appeal against detention
82. The Court considers that it is not necessary to determine
the correct interpretation of the seven-day period under Article 152a of
the Code of Criminal Procedure or to decide whether the applicant submitted
his first appeal against detention on 3 or 8 September 1997. It need only
note that Article 152a was construed by the competent authorities as laying
down a time-limit for the submission of appeals and that as of 3 September
1997 that time-limit had expired.
Since the first appeal against detention was thus out of time, the Court
considers that the complaint that it was not examined speedily does not
require separate examination.
83. The essence of the applicant’s complaint lies instead in
his criticism of the seven-day time-limit and the manner in which it was
applied in his case.
84. The Court has held in the context of Article 6 § 1 of the
Convention, including its criminal limb, that the right of access to a
court by its very nature calls for regulation by the State and may be subject
to limitations. Nevertheless, the limitations applied must not restrict
the access left to the individual in such a way or to such an extent that
the very essence of the right is impaired. Furthermore, a limitation will
violate the Convention if it does not pursue a legitimate aim and if there
is not a reasonable relationship of proportionality between the means employed
and the aim sought to be achieved (see Golder v. the United Kingdom,
judgment of 21 February 1975, Series A no. 18, pp. 18-20, §§ 38-40, Levages
Prestations Services v. France, judgment of 23 October 1996, Reports 1996-V,
p. 1543, § 40, Brualla Gomez de la Torre v. Spain, judgment of
19 December 1997, Reports 1997-VIII; Edificaciones March Galego
S.A. v. Spain, judgment of 19 February 1998, Reports 1998-I,
p. 290, § 34; Khalfaoui v. France, no. 34791/97, §§ 35 and 36,
ECHR 1999-IX; Krombach v. France, no. 29731/96, ECHR 2001-II).
Time-limits are in principle legitimate limitations on the right to a court
under Article 6 § 1 of the Convention but their particularly strict interpretation
in disregard of relevant practical circumstances may result in a violation
of that provision (see Miragall Escolano and Others v. Spain,
no. 38366/97, §§ 33-39, ECHR 2000-I).
85. The Court considers that Article 5 § 4 of the Convention,
which also enshrines a “right to a court”, cannot be read as providing
for an absolute right incompatible with any procedural limitations.
Nonetheless, the underlying purpose of Article 5, the protection of the
individual’s liberty and security, and the significance of its safeguards,
including the right under paragraph 4, for the protection of the individual’s
life and physical integrity (see Kurt v. Turkey, judgment of 25
May 1998, Reports 1998-III, p. 1185, § 123) require by implication
that procedural limitations on the right of a person deprived of his liberty
to challenge the lawfulness of his continuing detention before a court
must be subject to a particularly strict scrutiny. The practical realities
and specific circumstances of the detained person’s position must be taken
into consideration (see Conka v. Belgium, no. 51564/99, §§ 53-55,
ECHR 2002-I).
86. In the present case, it is true that the applicant was legally
represented from the third day after his arrest and could in any event
have submitted an appeal in time without the assistance of a lawyer.
The Court observes, however, that his lawyer was not provided access to
the case file which undoubtedly hampered the preparation of an appeal in
time.
87. Furthermore, the Court notes that when his first appeal
against detention came up for examination by the District Court on 19 September
1997, the applicant’s deprivation of liberty - which had already lasted
for nearly a month -, had not yet been reviewed by an independent judicial
officer. That was the consequence of the defective system of arrest and
detention that remained in force in Bulgaria until 1 January 2000, which
violated the first limb of Article 5 § 3 of the Convention (see paragraphs
52?54 above).
The rejection of the applicant’s appeal on 19 September 1997 thus prolonged
the continuing violation of Article 5 § 3 of the Convention. Nonetheless,
the Court must also examine the impugned decision under paragraph 4 of
Article 5 as the guarantee afforded by that provision is of a different
order from, and additional to, that provided by paragraph 3 (see de
Jong, Baljet and van den Brink v. the Netherlands, judgment of 22
May 1984, Series A no. 77, pp. 25-26, § 57).
88. Paragraph 4 enshrines a procedural safeguard against, inter
alia, continuation of detention which, albeit initially lawfully ordered,
may have later become unlawful and unjustified. In particular, the rationale
underlying the requirements of speediness and periodic judicial review
at reasonable intervals within the meaning of Article 5 § 4 and the Court’s
case-law is that a detainee should not run the risk of remaining in detention
long after the moment when his deprivation of liberty has become unjustified
(see, as regards detention falling under paragraph 1 (c) of Article 5, Bezicheri
v. Italy, judgment of 25 October 1989, Series A no. 164, Series
A no. 114 and, as regards other types of deprivation of liberty, Weeks
v. the United Kingdom, judgment of 2 March 1987, Musial v. Poland [GC],
no. 24557/94, ECHR 1999-II, and Stafford v. the United Kingdom [GC],
no 46295/99, ECHR 2002-IV).
89. In the present case, following the rejection of his first
appeal on 19 September 1997 the applicant could have tried to submit
a new appeal arguing a “change of circumstances”.
However, the precise meaning of the “change of circumstances” requirement
set out in Article 152a § 4 of the Code of Criminal Procedure was unclear.
It appears that there was no established practice. The District Court’s
decision was not reasoned (see paragraphs 28, 40, 72 and 76 above).
The relevant law and practice and the decision of the District Court of
19 September 1997 thus left unclear what the consequences of the rejection
of the first appeal for being out of time were. The applicant had no way
of knowing how much longer he had to remain in custody before he could
obtain a judicial examination of the lawfulness of his detention. In the
instant case, that issue was not examined until February 1998, approximately
five months later. It is not possible to speculate whether an earlier second
appeal would have been examined.
90. Having regard to all the relevant facts and, in particular,
the lack of clarity in domestic law and practice as to the effect of the
seven-day time-limit, the Court finds that the exercise of the applicant’s
right under Article 5 § 4 of the Convention has been unduly impaired.
It follows that there has been a violation of Article 5 § 4 of the Convention
on account of the rejection of the applicant’s first appeal against detention.
3. Remaining complaints under Article 5 § 4
91. The applicant complained that his lawyer had not been summoned
for the examination of the second appeal against detention and that that
appeal had not been dealt with speedily.
92. The Court observes that the applicant’s lawyer has not substantiated
the date on which he filed the second appeal against his client’s detention
and that he did not indicate his address and telephone number in the appeal
papers.
In these circumstances the above complaints are unfounded.
93. It follows that there has been no violation of Article 5
§ 4 in respect of the examination of the applicant’s second appeal against
detention.
III. APPLICATION OF ARTICLE 41 OF THE CONVENTION
94. Article 41 of the Convention provides:
“If the Court finds that there has been a violation of the Convention or
the Protocols thereto, and if the internal law of the High Contracting
Party concerned allows only partial reparation to be made, the Court shall,
if necessary, afford just satisfaction to the injured party.”
A. Damage
95. The applicant claimed non-pecuniary damage in the amount
of approximately EUR 15,700, including EUR 153 per day for the period 23 August
to 10 October 1997. He maintained that he had suffered extreme distress
during that period, as he had not been brought for interrogation even once.
He had thus formed the impression that his case had been forgotten and
had been uncertain about possible future developments. He sought EUR 46
per day for the remaining period until his release.
96. The Government stated that during the period 23 August to
10 October 1997 there had been several procedural steps, including
the hearing on 19 September 1997 on the applicant’s appeal against detention,
that the applicant was partly responsible for the delay as he had requested
the removal of the supervising prosecutor and that his allegation that
he had been “forgotten” was therefore untrue. The remaining period had
been taken up by the necessary steps in the investigation.
The Government also stated that the applicant’s claim should be dismissed
as he had not attempted to seek damages under the State Responsibility
for Damage Act and that in any event the claims were exorbitant, regard
being had to the circumstances of the case, the economic situation in Bulgaria
and the fact that the relevant law had been reformed on 1 January 2000.
97. The Court reiterates that Article 41 of the Convention does
not require applicants to exhaust domestic remedies a second time in order
to obtain just satisfaction if they have already done so in vain in respect
of their substantive complaints. However, it agrees with the Government
that the claims are excessive.
98. Ruling on an equitable basis, the Court awards the applicant
EUR 1,500 in respect of the violations of Article 5 §§ 3 and 4 found
in the present case.
B. Costs and expenses
99. The applicant claimed EUR 15,238, including EUR 2,497 for
67.5 hours of work on the domestic proceedings at the rate of EUR 37 per
hour and EUR 11,346 for 244 hours of work on the Strasbourg proceedings
at the rate of EUR 46.5 per hour.
He also claimed EUR 930 for translation expenses and EUR 465 for telephone,
postage and travel expenses. The applicant submitted his lawyer’s time
sheet and an agreement of 2 November 1997 between his lawyer and a translator,
requiring the lawyer to pay USD 1,000 for translations of correspondence
and submissions.
100. The Government stated that contingency fee claims were
unacceptable and disputed the number of hours allegedly spent on the case
by the applicant’s lawyer. Furthermore, the rate claimed was excessive
as lawyers were under an ethical and legal obligation to provide free assistance
to impecunious clients.
In respect of the claim for expenses, the Government stressed that there
was no documentary proof of actual payments and that the amounts claimed
largely exceeded normal prices. Moreover, the claim for translation costs
was so exorbitant that it should be characterised as abusive, regard being
had to the fact that the applicant had received the Government’s observations
in Bulgarian and had replied in Bulgarian. The only material that the applicant
might have needed to translate was therefore the initial five-page application,
the Commission’s four-page summary of facts and the Court’s twelve-page
decision on admissibility.
The Government concluded that the amount received in legal aid by the applicant
from the Council of Europe must have covered all his costs and expenses.
101. The Court agrees with the Government that the applicant’s
claim is poorly documented and that parts of it are unsubstantiated. The
number of hours claimed for legal work appears excessive, in particular,
in view of the limited complexity of the case.
102. Having regard to the above, the Court, deducting the amount
of EUR 762.25 paid to the applicant in legal aid by the Council of Europe,
awards EUR 2,000 under this head.
C. Default interest
103. The Court considers it appropriate that the default interest
should be based on the marginal lending rate of the European Central Bank
to which should be added three percentage points.
FOR THESE REASONS, THE COURT UNANIMOUSLY
1. Holds that there has been a violation of Article
5 § 3 of the Convention in that upon his arrest the applicant was not brought
before a judge or other officer exercising judicial power;
2. Holds that there has been no violation of Article
5 § 1 of the Convention;
3. Holds that there has been a violation of Article
5 § 3 of the Convention in respect of the length and lack of justification
for the applicant’s detention pending trial;
4. Holds that there has been a violation of Article
5 § 4 of the Convention in that the applicant’s lawyer was refused access
to the case file;
5. Holds that there has been a violation of Article
5 § 4 of the Convention in respect of the rejection of the applicant’s
first appeal against detention;
6. Holds that there has been no violation of Article
5 § 4 of the Convention in respect of the examination of the applicant’s
second appeal against detention;
7. Holds
(a) that the respondent State is to pay the applicant, within
three months from the date on which the judgment becomes final according
to Article 44 § 2 of the Convention, the following amounts,
to be converted into the national currency of the respondent State at a
rate applicable at the date of settlement:
(i) EUR 1,500 (one thousand and five hundred euros) in respect
of non-pecuniary damage;
(ii) EUR 2,000 (two thousand euros) in respect of costs and
expenses;
(iii) any tax that may be chargeable on the above amounts;
(b) that from the expiry of the above-mentioned three months
until settlement simple interest shall be payable on the above amounts
at a rate equal to the marginal lending rate of the European Central Bank
during the default period plus three percentage points;
8. Dismisses the remainder of the applicant’s claim
for just satisfaction.
Done in English, and notified in writing on 9 January 2003, pursuant to
Rule 77 §§ 2 and 3 of the Rules of Court.
Soren Nielsen
Christos Rozakis
Deputy Registrar
President
. An
amendment which entered into force on 24 October 1997 replaced the words
“a judge at the competent court” by the words “the competent first instance
court”.
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