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CASE OF EMIL
HRISTOV v. BULGARIA
(Application no. 52389/99)
JUDGMENT
STRASBOURG
20 October 2005
FINAL
20/01/2006
This judgment will become final in the circumstances
set out in Article 44 § 2 of the Convention. It may be subject
to editorial revision.]
In the case of Emil Hristov v. Bulgaria,
The European Court of Human Rights (First Section), sitting as a Chamber
composed of:
Mr C.L. Rozakis, President,
Mr L. Loucaides,
Mrs F. Tulkens,
Mr P. Lorenzen,
Mrs N. Vajic,
Mrs S. Botoucharova,
Mr A. Kovler, judges,
and Mr S. Nielsen, Section Registrar,
Having deliberated in private on 29 September 2005,
Delivers the following judgment, which was adopted on that date:
PROCEDURE
1. The case originated in an application (no. 52389/99) against
the Republic of Bulgaria lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the
Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms
(“the Convention”) by a Bulgarian national, Mr Emil Iosifov Hristov (“the
applicant”), on 9 August 1999.
2. The applicant was represented by Mr M. Ekimdjiev, a lawyer
practising in Plovdiv. The Bulgarian Government (“the Government”) were
represented by their Agent, Mrs M. Dimova, of the Ministry of Justice.
3. On 24 February 2004 the Court decided to communicate the
application to the Government. Under the provisions of Article 29 § 3 of
the Convention, it decided to examine the merits of the application at
the same time as its admissibility.
4. The Government did not submit observations on the admissibility
and merits of the application.
THE FACTS
I. THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE
A. The criminal proceedings
5. The applicant was born in 1974 and lives in Kurdzhali.
6. On 20 June 1999 the applicant, while driving his car, was
involved in a traffic accident with another car.
7. Subsequently, the driver of the other car filed a complaint
with the police, claiming that the applicant had made him sign a note for
3,000 German Marks (approximately EUR 1,538) for a non-existent debt.
He maintained that the applicant had forced him into signing the document
by threatening him verbally, with a firearm and by inflicting a light bodily
injury.
8. On 25 June 1999 the applicant was arrested, charged with
extortion accompanied with a light bodily injury and using a firearm, and
placed in pre-trial detention. The offence carried a possible sentence
of two to eight years' imprisonment.
9. It is unclear how long the preliminary investigation lasted
and when an indictment against the applicant was submitted to the courts.
10. On 13 September 1999 the applicant's defence counsel requested
to be provided access to the evidence against the applicant. On an unspecified
date the judge-rapporteur of the Pazardzhik Regional Court dismissed the
request for access to the evidence prior to the court hearings.
11. The first court hearing was held on 6 October 1999.
12. By judgment of 4 November 1999 the Pazardzhik Regional Court
found the applicant guilty of extortion accompanied with a light bodily
injury and using a firearm. He was sentenced to three years' imprisonment,
suspended, and fined 3,000 Bulgarian Levs (BGN : approximately EUR 1,538).
The applicant was also ordered to pay BGN 3,000 (approximately EUR 1,538)
in damages to the victim. Finally, the court ordered his release on bail
of BGN 500 (approximately EUR 256), which he apparently paid and was released
on the same day.
13. There are no indications that the applicant appealed against
the judgment.
B. The applicant's pre-trial detention
14. The applicant was in pre-trial detention between 25 June
1999 and 4 November 1999 for a total period of four months and nine
days.
15. Following his arrest on 25 June 1999 the applicant was placed
in pre-trial detention by decision of an investigator from the Regional
Investigation Division, approved by the Pazardzhik Prosecutor's Office
later in the day. The motives for imposing the pre-trial detention were
the
“social severity of the crime, the personality of the offender, the high
probability that he would abscond, re-offend or obstruct the investigation”.
16. The applicant filed six appeals against his detention.
17. On 28 June 1999 the applicant filed his first appeal against
the detention. He maintained that it was unlawful, because of the alleged
lack of evidence that he had committed the offence, that he would abscond,
re?offend or obstruct the investigation. He stated that he did not have
a criminal record, that he had a permanent address and that all the evidence
in the case had already been collected.
18. On 9 July 1999, which was eleven days after the filing date,
the Pazardzhik Regional Court examined the applicant's appeal. At the hearing
the representative of the Prosecutor's Office challenged the applicant's
assertions. She considered the applicant's failure to report the traffic
accident as an indication that he sought to hide the event, and therefore
to hinder the investigation, and stated that there were still investigative
procedures to be conducted in the case. By decision of the same day the
Pazardzhik Regional Court dismissed the applicant's appeal. It did not
consider the fact that the applicant had a permanent address as sufficient
proof that there was no risk that he might abscond. The court noted that
he had been charged with a serious crime and, essentially on this basis,
concluded that there was a risk that he might abscond, obstruct the investigation
or re-offend.
19. The applicant filed further appeals against his detention
on 12 July, 22 July and 2 August 1999, citing similar grounds. The applicant
also noted that the case was progressing, that all the evidence had been
colleted and that there was no possibility for him to hamper the investigation.
The aforementioned appeals were all dismissed by the Pazardzhik Regional
Court on 19 July, 30 July and 6 August 1999, respectively, with wording
similar to that in its decision of 9 July 1999.
20. On 8 September 1999 the applicant filed another appeal against
his detention. He reiterated most of the previously given grounds, but
also claimed an alleged violation of his rights under the Convention and
presented evidence that his medical condition had deteriorated while in
detention, namely that his chronic gastritis had become inflamed.
21. On 13 September 1999 the judge-rapporteur dismissed the
appeal citing lack of new grounds for changing the terms of the detention.
The applicant appealed. However, the Pazardzhik Regional Court did not
transfer the court file together with the appeal to the Plovdiv Appeals
Court.
22. On 23 September 1999 the applicant complained of the delay
to the Supreme Judicial Council, the Inspectorate of the Ministry of Justice
and the President of the Pazardzhik Regional Court. On the same day the
applicant also filed a request with the Plovdiv Appeals Court asking it
to demand, on its own motion, the case file from the Pazardzhik Regional
Court so that it could rule on the appeal.
23. On 28 September 1999 the Plovdiv Appeals Court informed
the Pazardzhik Regional Court that it should rule on the applicant's appeal
and if it dismisses it, to forward the case file to it.
24. Albeit the specific instructions, on 30 September 1999 the
judge?rapporteur of the Pazardzhik Regional Court refused to forward the
case file to the Plovdiv Appeals Court. He maintained that his refusal
to forward the file could not be challenged and that he had already ruled
on the appeal on 13 September 1999.
25. On 11 October 1999 the applicant filed his sixth appeal
against the detention. The court allegedly refused to rule on it until
the next court hearing on 4 November 1999, which was twenty four days after
the date of filing.
26. On 4 November 1999 the Pazardzhik Regional Court delivered
its judgment (see paragraph 12 above).
II. RELEVANT DOMESTIC LAW AND PRACTICE
A. Power to order pre-trial detention
27. At the relevant time and until the reform of the Code of
Criminal Procedure of 1 January 2000 an arrested person was brought before
an investigator who decided whether or not the accused should be placed
in pre-trial detention. The investigator's decision was subject to approval
by a prosecutor. The role of investigators and prosecutors under Bulgarian
law has been summarised in paragraphs 25-29 of the Court's judgment in
the case of Nikolova v. Bulgaria ([GC], no. 31195/96, ECHR 1999?II).
B. Grounds for pre-trial detention
28. According to the practice of the Supreme Court, Article
152 § 1 of the Code of Criminal Procedure required that a person charged
with a serious wilful offence had to be placed in pre-trial detention.
Under Article 152 § 2 of the Code of Criminal Procedure an exception
was only possible where it was clear beyond doubt that any danger of absconding
or re-offending was objectively excluded since, for example, the accused
was seriously ill. The detainee bore the burden to prove the existence
of such exceptional circumstances.
29. Article 93 (7) of the Criminal Code provides that a “serious
offence” is one punishable by more than five years' imprisonment.
C. Appeals against detention before the trial
30. Article 152a of the Code of Criminal Procedure, as in force
at the relevant time, provided as follows:
“(1) The detainee shall be immediately provided with a possibility
of filing an appeal with the competent court against the [imposition of
detention]. [The appeal must be filed] not later than seven days after
the [imposition of detention]. The court shall consider the appeal in an
open hearing to which the [detainee] shall be summoned. The hearing shall
take place not later than three days after the receipt of the appeal at
the court.
(2) The appeal shall be filed though the organ which has ordered
the detention ... .
(3) The court['s ruling shall not be] subject to appeal ...”
31. On the basis of the relevant law before 1 January 2000,
the Supreme Court has stated that it is not open to the courts, when examining
an appeal against pre-trial detention, to inquire whether there exists
sufficient evidence to support the charges against the detainee. The courts
must only examine the lawfulness of the detention order under domestic
law (Decision no. 24 of 23 May 1995 in case no. 268/95, I Chamber, Bulletin
1995, p. 149).
D. Appeals against detention at the trial stage of the proceedings
32. According to Article 304 § 1 of the Code of Criminal Procedure
at the trial stage of the criminal proceedings the detainee's requests
for release are examined by the trial court. It follows from Article 304
§§ 1 and 2 that these requests may be examined in private or at an oral
hearing. The law does not require the trial court to decide within a particular
time-limit.
33. The trial court's decision as regards a request for release
is subject to appeal to the higher court (Article 344 § 3). The appeal
must be lodged within a seven days' time-limit (Article 345) with the trial
court (Article 348 § 4 in conjunction with Article 317 as in force at the
relevant time). According to Article 347, after having received the appeal,
the trial court, sitting in private, shall decide whether there exist grounds
to annul or alter its decision. If it does not find a reason to do so the
trial court shall transmit the appeal to the higher court.
34. Article 348 provides that the appeals court may examine
the appeal in private or, if it considers it necessary, at an oral hearing.
The law does not require the appeals court to decide within a particular
time-limit.
THE LAW
I. ALLEGED VIOLATION OF ARTICLE 5 § 1 (c) OF THE CONVENTION
35. The applicant complained that he was detained unlawfully
and that the evidence against him at the time of his arrest was not sufficient
to lead to the conclusion that he was guilty of an offence as required
in Article 5 § 1 (c) of the Convention. In particular,
he claimed that the authorities relied solely on the complaint filed by
the driver of the other vehicle and disregarded the fact that he had a
personal interest in making allegations against the applicant.
36. The relevant part of Article 5 § 1 of the Convention reads
as follows:
“Everyone has the right to liberty and security of person. No one shall
be deprived of his liberty save in the following cases and in accordance
with a procedure prescribed by law:
...
(c) the lawful arrest or detention of a person effected for
the purpose of bringing him before the competent legal authority on reasonable
suspicion of having committed an offence or when it is reasonably considered
necessary to prevent his committing an offence or fleeing after having
done so;”
Admissibility
37. The Court notes that the applicant's detention fell within
the ambit of Article 5 § 1 (c) of the Convention, as it was imposed for
the purpose of bringing him before the competent legal authority on suspicion
of having committed an offence. There is nothing to indicate that the formalities
required by domestic law were not observed.
38. As regards the alleged lack of reasonable suspicion, the
Court recalls that the standard imposed by Article 5 § 1 (c) of the Convention
does not presuppose the existence of sufficient evidence to bring charges,
or find guilt, at the time of arrest. Facts which raise a suspicion need
not be of the same level as those necessary to bring a charge (see O'Hara
v. the United Kingdom, no. 37555/97, § 36, ECHR 2001?X).
39. In the present case, the Court considers that the authorities
had sufficient information at the time of arrest to ground a “reasonable”
suspicion against the applicant, namely an apparently comprehensive complaint
filed by the victim. The applicant's assertions, on the other hand, that
the version of events presented by the victim was untrustworthy and unreliable,
have not been substantiated (see paragraphs 7 and 35 above).
40. It follows that this complaint is manifestly ill-founded
and must be rejected in accordance with Article 35 §§ 3 and 4 of the Convention.
II. ALLEGED VIOLATION OF ARTICLE 5 § 3 OF THE CONVENTION
41. The applicant complained under Article 5 § 3 of the Convention
that when he was arrested on 25 June 1999 he was not brought promptly before
a judge or other officer authorised by law to exercise judicial power.
42. The relevant part of Article 5 § 3 of the Convention reads
as follows:
“Everyone arrested or detained in accordance with the provisions of paragraph 1 (c)
of this Article shall be brought promptly before a judge or other officer
authorised by law to exercise judicial power...”
43. The Government did not submit observations on the admissibility
and merits of the complaint.
44. The applicant reiterated his complaint and referred to its
similarity to previous cases against Bulgaria, where the Court had found
a violation as until 1 January 2000 detention pending trial was ordered
by a prosecutor or an investigator, who could not be regarded as “judge[s]”
or “other officer[s]” exercising judicial function (see Assenov and
Others v. Bulgaria,judgement of 28 October 1998, Reports of Judgments
and Decisions 1998?VIII and Nikolova, cited above).
A. Admissibility
45. The Court considers that the above complaint is not manifestly
ill?founded within the meaning of Article 35 § 3 of the Convention and
notes that it is not inadmissible on any other grounds. The complaint must
therefore be declared admissible.
B. Merits
46. The Court recalls that in previous judgments which concerned
the system of detention pending trial, as it existed in Bulgaria until
1 January 2000, it found that neither investigators before whom the accused
persons were brought, nor prosecutors who approved detention orders, could
be considered as “officer[s] authorised by law to exercise judicial power”
within the meaning of Article 5 § 3 of the Convention (see Assenov
and Others, cited above, §§ 144-50; Nikolova, cited above,
§§ 49-53, and Shishkov v. Bulgaria, no. 38822/97, §§ 52-54, ECHR
2003?I (extracts)).
47. The present case likewise concerns pre-trial detention imposed
before 1 January 2000. The applicant's pre-trial detention was ordered
by an investigator and confirmed by a prosecutor (see paragraph 15 above),
in accordance with the provisions of the Code of Criminal Procedure then
in force (see paragraph 27 above). However, neither the investigator, nor
the prosecutor were sufficiently independent and impartial for the purposes
of Article 5 § 3 of the Convention, in view of the practical role they
played in the investigation and the prosecution and the prosecutor's potential
participation as a party to the criminal proceedings (see paragraph 27
above). The Court refers to the analysis of the relevant domestic law contained
in its Nikolova judgment (cited above – see paragraphs 28, 29
and 49-53 of that judgment).
48. It follows that there has been a violation of the applicant's
right to be brought before a judge or other officer authorised by law to
exercise judicial power within the meaning of Article 5 § 3 of the Convention.
III ALLEGED VIOLATIONS OF ARTICLE 5 § 4 OF THE CONVENTION
49. The applicant complained under Article 5 § 4 of the Convention
that the courts did not examine all factors relevant to the lawfulness
of his detention. In addition, the applicant claimed that his appeals of
28 June 1999 and 11 October 1999 were decided in violation of the requirement
for a speedy decision and that the courts did not hear his appeal of 8
September 1999. The applicant also invoked Article 13 of the Convention,
stating that he did not have an effective remedy in respect of the alleged
violations of Article 5 of the Convention.
50. The Court recalls, at the outset, that Article 5 § 4 of
the Convention provides a lex specialis in relation to the more
general requirements of Article 13 (see, among other authorities, Chahal
v. the United Kingdom, judgment of 15 November 1996, Reports of
Judgments and Decisions 1996?V, p. 1865, § 126 and M.A. and M.M.
v. France (dec.), no. 39671/98, ECHR 1999-VIII).
51. The complaints must therefore be examined under Article
5 § 4 of the Convention, which provides:
“Everyone who is deprived of his liberty by arrest or detention shall be
entitled to take proceedings by which the lawfulness of his detention shall
be decided speedily by a court and his release ordered if the detention
is not lawful.”
52. The Government did not submit observations on the admissibility
and merits of these complaints.
53. The applicant reiterated his complaints and referred to
their similarity to those in previous cases against Bulgaria, where the
Court found a violation when the domestic courts primarily relied on the
seriousness of the offence to justify a continuation of the period of detention
and disregarded the detainees' arguments concerning the alleged lack of
danger of absconding, re-offending or hampering the investigation (see Nikolova,
cited above, and Ilijkov v. Bulgaria, no. 33977/96, 26 July 2001).
A. Admissibility
54. The Court considers that the above complaints are not manifestly
ill?founded within the meaning of Article 35 § 3 of the Convention and
notes that they are not inadmissible on any other grounds. The complaints
must therefore be declared admissible.
B. Merits
55. The Court must firstly examine whether in the appeals filed
against his detention the applicant benefited from a judicial review of
a scope satisfying the requirements of Article 5 § 4 of the Convention.
56. In this connection, the Court reiterates that arrested or
detained persons are entitled to a review bearing upon the procedural and
substantive conditions which are essential for the lawfulness, in the sense
of the Convention, of their deprivation of liberty. This means that the
competent court has to examine not only compliance with the procedural
requirements set out in domestic law, but also the reasonableness of the
suspicion grounding the arrest and the legitimacy of the purpose pursued
by the arrest and the ensuing detention (see Nikolova, cited above,
§ 58).
57. While Article 5 § 4 of the Convention does not impose an
obligation on a judge examining an appeal against detention to address
every argument contained in the appellant's submissions, its guarantees
would be deprived of their substance if the judge could treat as irrelevant,
or disregard, particular facts invoked by the detainee which could cast
doubt on the existence of the conditions essential for the “lawfulness”,
in the sense of the Convention, of the deprivation of liberty (see Nikolova,
cited above, § 61).
58. In the case at hand, when examining the applicant's applications
for release, the courts apparently relied on the Supreme Court's practice
and, as in the Nikolova case, due to the shift of the burden of
proof under Article 152 of the Code of Criminal Procedure they disregarded
as irrelevant the applicant's arguments concerning the alleged lack of
danger of absconding, collusion and committing crimes (see paragraphs 18-21
above). However, the Court considers that his arguments that he had no
criminal record, that he had a permanent address and that he could not
hamper the investigation, because of the advanced stage of the proceedings
and the completed collection of all the relevant evidence, were not frivolous
and merited examination.
59. It follows, that, insofar as the domestic courts disregarded
as irrelevant the applicant's arguments concerning the alleged lack of
danger of absconding, collusion and committing crimes, they failed to provide
judicial control over the applicant's detention on remand of the scope
required by Article 5 § 4 of the Convention. There has, therefore, been
a violation of that provision.
60. In view of this finding, the Court does not deem it necessary
to inquire whether these defective judicial reviews were provided speedily
nor whether all of them resulted in a final judicial decision (see Nikolova,
cited above, § 65 and Ilijkov, cited above, § 106).
IV. APPLICATION OF ARTICLE 41 OF THE CONVENTION
61. Article 41 of the Convention provides:
“If the Court finds that there has been a violation of the Convention or
the Protocols thereto, and if the internal law of the High Contracting
Party concerned allows only partial reparation to be made, the Court shall,
if necessary, afford just satisfaction to the injured party.”
A. Damage
62. The applicant claimed EUR 3,800 as compensation in respect
of non-pecuniary damage. He emphasised that he had felt despair and lack
of prospects having been faced with the authorities repeated refusals to
adequately assess the grounds for his continued detention.
63. The Government did not reply.
64. The Court, having regard to awards made in similar cases
(see Mihov v. Bulgaria,no. 35519/97, §§ 106-108, 31 July
2003and Ilijkov, cited above, §§ 120-124), on an equitable basis
awards to the applicant the sum of EUR 500 for non-pecuniary damage.
B. Costs and expenses
65. The applicant also claimed (a) EUR 770 for 11 hours of legal
work by his lawyer before the domestic courts, at the hourly rate of EUR
70, (b) EUR 2,030 for 29 hours of legal work in relation to the proceedings
before the Court, at the same hourly rate, and (c) EUR 283 for translation,
photocopying, postal and travel expenses of his lawyer. The total amount
claimed was thus EUR 3,083. He submitted a fees' agreement between him
and his lawyer and a time-sheet. The applicant requested that the costs
and expenses incurred should be paid directly to his lawyer, Mr M. Ekimdjiev.
66. The Government did not comment.
67. According to the Court's case-law, an applicant is entitled
to reimbursement of his costs and expenses only in so far as it has been
shown that these have been actually and necessarily incurred and were reasonable
as to quantum. In the present case, regard being had to the information
in its possession and the above criteria, the Court awards the sum of EUR
1,000 in respect of costs and expenses, plus any tax that may be chargeable
on that amount.
C. Default interest
68. The Court considers it appropriate that the default interest
should be based on the marginal lending rate of the European Central Bank,
to which should be added three percentage points.
FOR THESE REASONS, THE COURT UNANIMOUSLY
1. Declares the complaints concerning the applicant
being promptly brought before a judge or other officer authorised by law
to exercise judicial power, the scope of judicial review of his continued
detention, the speed in examining his appeals and whether his appeal of
8 September 1999 was examined by a court admissible;
2. Declares the remainder of the application inadmissible;
3. Holds that there has been a violation of Article
5 § 3 of the Convention;
4. Holds that there has been a violation of Article
5 § 4 of the Convention;
5. Holds
(a) that the respondent State is to pay to the applicant, within
three months from the date on which the judgment becomes final according
to Article 44 § 2 of the Convention, the following amounts, to be converted
into Bulgarian levs at the rate applicable on the date of settlement :
(i) EUR 500 (five hundred euros) in respect of non-pecuniary
damage, payable to the applicant himself;
(ii) EUR 1,000 (one thousand euros) in respect of costs and
expenses, payable into the bank account of the applicant's lawyer in Bulgaria;
(iii) any tax that may be chargeable on the above amounts;
(b) that from the expiry of the above-mentioned three months
until settlement simple interest shall be payable on the above amounts
at a rate equal to the marginal lending rate of the European Central Bank
during the default period plus three percentage points;
6. Dismisses the remainder of the applicant's claim
for just satisfaction.
Done in English, and notified in writing on 20 October 2005, pursuant to
Rule 77 §§ 2 and 3 of the Rules of Court.
Soren Nielsen
Christos Rozakis
Registrar
President
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